As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

General Biology: Definitions and explanations page 8 PDF | Download eBooks

Learn general biology terms with definitions and explanations, biology terminologies (Page 8) for biology degree programs.


  1. What is Lysogenic cycle?
    Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction. lysogeny is characterized ...
  2. What is Temperate phage?
    Temperate phages are those that incorporate their viral genome in the host genome and coexist with ...
  3. What is Prophage?
    A prophage is a bacteriophage genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial dna chromosome or ...
  4. What is Retrovirus?
    A retrovirus is a type of rna virus that inserts a copy of its genome into ...
  5. What is Reverse transcriptase?
    A reverse transcriptase (rt) is an enzyme used to generate complementary dna (cdna) from an rna ...
  6. What is Provirus?
    Some viruses for example the retro viruses have he ability to incorporate their genome in the ...
  7. What is Vaccine?
    According to who, a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. ...
  8. What is Epidemic?
    A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. for example ...
  9. What is Pandemic?
    A pandemic is an epidemic or an outbreak of an infectious disease, that spreads worldwide. when ...
  10. What are Viroids?
    Viroids are circular rna molecules, only a few hundred nucleotides long, that infect plants. viroids do ...
  11. What are Prions?
    A prion is a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to ...
  12. What is Biotechnology?
    Biotechnology is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make ...
  13. What is Nucleic acid hybridization?
    Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) or ribonucleic acid (rna) molecules anneal to complementary dna or rna. though ...
  14. What is Genetic engineering?
    Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's ...
  15. What is DNA sequencing?
    Dna sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence which is the precise order ...
  16. What is DNA cloning?
    Dna cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of ...
  17. What are Plasmids?
    A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded dna molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal ...
  18. What is Recombinant DNA?
    Recombinant dna (rdna) molecules are dna molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination for example ...
  19. What is Recombinant bacterium?
    Recombinant dna (rdna) molecules are dna molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination for example ...
  20. What is Gene cloning?
    Gene cloning is the process in which a gene of interest is located and copied out ...
  21. What is Cloning vector?
    A cloning vector is a small piece of dna, taken from a virus, a plasmid, or ...
  22. What are Restriction enzymes?
    Restriction enzymes are those enzymes that have specific cutting sites on the dna. they will not ...
  23. What is Restriction site?
    Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are locations on a dna molecule containing specific sequences of ...
  24. What is Restriction fragment?
    A restriction fragment is a dna fragment resulting from the cutting of a dna strand by ...
  25. What is Sticky end?
    Overhangs are called cohesive ends or sticky ends. they are most often created by restriction endonucleases ...
  26. What is Gel electrophoresis?
    Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of dna, rna, or proteins according ...
  27. What is Polymerase chain reaction?
    A technique used to amplify the number of dna copies present in a sample. sometimes the ...
  28. What is Expression vector?
    An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed ...
  29. What is Electroporation?
    Electroporation, or electro permeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to ...
  30. What is Nucleic acid probe?
    A nucleic-acid fragment that is complementary to another nucleic-acid sequence and thus, when labeled in some ...
  31. What is In situ hybridization?
    In situ hybridization (ish) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary dna, rna ...
  32. What is RT-PCR?
    Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of rna into ...
  33. What is Complementary DNA?
    In genetics, complementary dna (cdna) is dna synthesized from a single-stranded rna (e.g., messenger rna (mrna) ...
  34. What is DNA microarray?
    A dna microarray (also commonly known as dna chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic ...
  35. What is In vitro mutagenesis?
    In vitro mutagenesis is a site-directed mutagenesis allows various types of directed changes to be made ...
  36. What are Genome wide association studies?
    In genetics, a genome-wide association study, also known as whole genome association study, is an observational ...
  37. What is SNP?
    Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called snps, are the most common type of genetic variation among people. ...
  38. What is Stem cell?
    A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types ...
  39. What are Totipotent cells?
    Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. the more cell types ...
  40. What is Nuclear transplantation?
    Nuclear transplantation is a method in which the nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to ...
  41. What is Pluripotent?
    Pluripotent cells are able of give rise to several different cell types. pluripotent cells can be ...
  42. What is Transgenic animal?
    Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. such ...
  43. What is Genetic profile?
    Genetic profile is the information about specific genes and markers, including variations and gene expression, in ...
  44. What are Short tandem repeats?
    A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite, consisting of a unit of two to thirteen nucleotides ...
  45. What is Genetically modified organism?
    Genetically modified organisms are the same as transgenic animals. these are those animals that have had ...
  46. What is Metagenomics?
    Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. the broad field may ...
  47. What is Gene annotation?
    Dna annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all ...
  48. What is Proteome?
    The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a ...
  49. What is Proteomics?
    Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many ...
  50. What is Systems biology?
    Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. it is a biology-based ...
  51. What are Pseudogenes?
    Pseudogenes, sometimes referred to as zombie genes in the media, are segments of dna that are ...
  52. What is Repetitive DNA?
    Repeated sequences are also known as repetitive elements, repeating units or repeats, and are patterns of ...
  53. What are Transposable elements?
    Transposable elements are also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of dna that move ...
  54. What is Simple sequence DNA?
    A simple sequence dna is the same as a short tandem repeat or a microsatellite. t ...
  55. What are Short tandem repeats?
    A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite, consisting of a unit of two to thirteen nucleotides ...
  56. What is Multigene?
    A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single ...
  57. What is Highly conserved?
    Sequences or features that have remained the same over a long period of time are said ...
  58. What is Evolution?
    Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. these characteristics are ...
  59. What are Fossils?
    A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past ...
  60. What is Strata?
    A stratum is defined as a layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that ...