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Microbiology: Definitions and explanations page 2 PDF | Download eBooks

Learn microbiology terms with definitions and explanations, microbiology terminologies (Page 2) for science degree programs.


  1. What are Actinobacteria?
    Actinobacteria are gram-positive bacteria whose dna has have high cytosine and guanine content. they can be ...
  2. What is Actinomycete?
    Actinomycetes are filamentous and rod shaped fungus-like bacteria. the ones that are rod shaped are likely ...
  3. What are Actinorhizae?
    Actinorhizae are the associations and a symbiotic relationship between the fine plant roots and actinomycete. this ...
  4. What is Activated Sludge?
    Activate sludge is the aerated sewage (solid matter or sediment) that contains aerobic microorganisms. these microorganisms' ...
  5. What is Activator Protein?
    Activator protein are transcription factors or transcriptional regulatory proteins that enhance the transcription of multiple genes. ...
  6. What is Active Carrier?
    An active carrier is an individual who is infected and can transmit the disease to other ...
  7. What is Active Immunization?
    Active immunization is the type of immunity, which is induced when an organism is exposed to ...
  8. What are Acute Infections?
    Acute infection is a type of infection in which the microbe lives inside a host for ...
  9. What are Acute-Phase Proteins?
    Acute phase proteins are the liver proteins, which help in preventing the blood loss and help ...
  10. What are Acute Viral Gastroenteritis?
    Acute viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that causes pain/cramping in the abdomen, watery diarrhea, fever ...
  11. What is Acyclovir?
    Acyclovir is a manmade analog of purine, which helps to block the synthesis of dna in ...
  12. What is Adaptive Mutation?
    adaptive mutation is an idea that genetic changes or more specifically, mutations will increase when organisms ...
  13. What is Adenine?
    Adenine is derived from purines and is found in nucleic acids, nucleotides, coenzymes and nucleosides. it ...
  14. What is Adenine Arabinoside (Vidarabine)?
    Adenine arabinoside also known as vidarabine is an antibiotic or an antiviral agent that is extracted ...
  15. What is Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?
    Adenosine diphosphate (adp) is made of one two phosphate groups and adenosine. when another phosphate group ...
  16. What is Adenosine 5-Triphosphate (ATP)?
    Adenosine triphosphate (atp) is a high-energy molecule and a central metabolite that has an important function ...
  17. What is Adhesin?
    adhesins are components of the cell surface of bacteria, which help to adhere a bacterium to ...
  18. What is Adjuvant?
    Adjuvant is any material or substance that is attached with the antigen and administered as a ...
  19. What is Aerial Mycelium?
    Aerial mycelium is that part of mycelium that grows outwards or upwards from substrate's surface and ...
  20. What is Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophy (AANP)?
    Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (aapbs) are alphaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria and these are obligate aerobes that trap ...
  21. What is Aflatoxin?
    Aflatoxins are produced by some fungi, which are present on agricultural crops like peanuts, tree nuts, ...
  22. What is Agar?
    Agar has a consistency of jelly and is acquired from red algae. it is composed of ...
  23. What are Agglutinates?
    Agglutinates are the clumps which are formed in the reaction of agglutination. these clumps can be ...
  24. What is Agglutinin?
    Agglutinins are the antibodies, which causes the antigens to collect and gather when they bind to ...
  25. What is Airborne Transmission?
    Airborne transmission takes place when microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria travel via air, when these ...
  26. What are Akinetes?
    Akinetes are enveloped, non-motile, thick-walled, dormant cells that are produced by filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. these can ...
  27. What is Alcoholic Fermentation?
    Alcoholic fermentation or ethanol fermentation is a fermentation process that converts sugars such as sucrose, fructose ...
  28. What is Alga?
    Alga is a plantlike organism that contains chlorophyll to produce their food via the process of ...
  29. What is Algicide?
    Algicide or algaecide is a chemical that is used to prevent the algal growth or to ...
  30. What is Allergen?
    An allergen can be any substance such as an antigen, which is recognized by the immune ...
  31. What is Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
    Allergic contact dermatitis is a form of an allergic reaction or dermatitis/eczema that is caused by ...
  32. What is Allochthonous?
    Allochthonous are substances, which are not native in an environment and have been imported in an ...
  33. What is Allograft?
    Allograft is a tissue graft that takes place between a donor and recipient of the same ...
  34. What is Allosteric Enzyme?
    Allosteric enzymes are those enzymes whose structure and function is altered after an effector molecule binds ...
  35. What are Alpha Beta T Cells?
    Alpha-beta t-cells are the type of t cells that have t-cell receptors (tcr) composed of two ...
  36. What is Alternative Complement Pathway?
    Alternative complement pathway is one of the complement pathways that kills and opsonizes the pathogens. when ...
  37. What are Alternate Sigma Factors?
    Alternative sigma factors bind the core catalytic core of the rna polymerase so that different operons ...
  38. What is Alternative Splicing?
    Alternative splicing, also known as differential splicing, takes places during gene expression, which causes single gene ...
  39. What is Alveolar Macrophage?
    Alveolar macrophages are macrophages, which are present in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes; however, they ...
  40. What is Amantadine?
    Amantadine is an antiviral agent or influenza a m2 protein inhibitor that is used to prevent ...
  41. What is Amensalism?
    Amensalism is a relationship between different species organisms in which of the organisms is destroyed or ...
  42. What is Aminoacyl Or Acceptor Site (A Site)?
    Aminoacyl or acceptor site (a site) is a ribosomal site, which has aminoacyl-trna at the start ...
  43. What is Amoeboid Movement?
    Amoeboid movement is used by eukaryotic cells as the common mode of motion. this is a ...
  44. What is Amphitrichous?
    Amphitrichous is a cell that has only one flagellum at each opposite end. only one flagellum ...
  45. What is Amphotericin B?
    Amphotericin b is an antifungal drug that treats leishmaniasis and severe fungal infections. some of the ...
  46. What is Amplification?
    Amplifications is a process, which generates the amplicons or copies of chromosomal region. polymerase chain reaction ...
  47. What is Anabolism?
    Anabolism, also known as biosynthesis, is the biological synthesis of complex and larger molecules from simple ...
  48. What is Anaerobic Digestion?
    Anaerobic digestion is a type of digestion is which microorganisms break down the organic matter in ...
  49. What is Anagenesis?
    Anagenesis is a term that is used to describe the evolutionary change of single lineage in ...
  50. What is Anammoxosome?
    Anammoxosome is a pseudo-organelle and a huge intracytoplasmic compartment present in the planctomycete cell, and in ...
  51. What is Anaphylaxis?
    Anaphylaxis is a hypersensitivity reaction that can be serious allergic reaction and lethal at times. some ...
  52. What is Anaplasia?
    Anaplasia is a term that is used to describe the condition of cells, which are poorly ...
  53. What are Anaplerotic Reactions?
    Anaplerotic reactions are those chemical reactions, which form tca cycle intermediates (tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates) which ...
  54. What is Anergy?
    Anergy or immunologic tolerance is a term that is used to describe the inability of immune ...
  55. What is Anoxic?
    Anoxic is a condition in which oxygen is not present. many microbes do not require oxygen ...
  56. What is Antibiotic?
    Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents, which function against the bacteria and are the most vital antibacterial substances ...
  57. What is Antibody Affinity?
    Antibody affinity is the term that is used to refer the strength and force with which ...
  58. What is Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (Adcc)?
    Adcc is the process in which the cytotoxic effector cells kills the antibody-coated target cells via ...
  59. What is Antibody Class Switching?
    Immunoglobulin class switching is also known as isotype commutation, class-switch recombination (csr) or isotype switching and ...
  60. What is Antibody Titer?
    Antibody titer is a test that identifies the antibodies and measures their amount that is produced ...