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Microbiology: Definitions and explanations page 3 PDF | Download eBooks

Learn microbiology terms with definitions and explanations, microbiology terminologies (Page 3) for science degree programs.


  1. What is Anticodon?
    Anticodon is a sequence made of three bases that are present on the transfer rna (trna) ...
  2. What is Antigen?
    Antigen is any substance that is considered foreign by the body's immune system and thus it ...
  3. What is Antigen-Binding Fragment?
    Antigen binding fragment is a fragment on the antibody that binds to the antigens. this consists ...
  4. What are Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)?
    Antigen presenting cells (apcs) are a group of immune cells that assist the cellular immune response ...
  5. What is Antigen Processing?
    Antigen processing, also known as cytosolic pathway, is a process of the immune system to prepare ...
  6. What is Antigenic Drift?
    Antigenic drift is a process that takes places in viruses to generate variation by accumulating mutations ...
  7. What is Antigenic Shift?
    Antigenic shift is the mechanism in which different virus's strains combine together to create a new ...
  8. What is Antigenic Variation?
    Antigenic variation is a mechanism that is adopted by infectious agents or microbes such as bacterium, ...
  9. What is Antimetabolite?
    Antimetabolites are drugs that block the metabolic pathway functions by acting substitutes to the original metabolites ...
  10. What is Antisense RNA?
    Antisense rna also known as natural antisense transcript, antisense oligonucleotide or as asantisense transcript, is a ...
  11. What is Antiserum?
    Antisera are present in humans' blood or in other organisms and are a part of their ...
  12. What is Antitoxin?
    Antitoxins are antibodies which help to neutralize any toxin. these antibodies can be produced in response ...
  13. What is Apical Complex?
    Apical complex is the cell structure that is characteristic of phylum apicomplexa. this is the main ...
  14. What is Apicomplexan?
    Apicomplexa are parasitic alveolates, which mostly have a distinct organelle that has a plastid known as ...
  15. What is Apicoplast?
    Apicoplasts are plastids, which are non-photosynthetic and are mostly found in apicomplexa. they are known as ...
  16. What is Apoenzyme?
    Apoenzymes are inactive parts of enzymes that have nonprotein components attached with them. these enzymes become ...
  17. What is Apoptosis?
    Apoptosis is a natural death of cell that is programmed and this process occurs in organisms ...
  18. What is Aporepressor?
    Aporepressors are inactive protein repressors; however, once they combine with specific corepressor, they become activated and ...
  19. What is Appressorium?
    Appressorium is a cell that is commonly found in plant infecting fungi that helps to infect ...
  20. What is Aptamer?
    Aptamer is a peptide or an oligonucleotide molecule that binds to a target molecule such as ...
  21. What is Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi?
    Arbuscular mycorrhizas or endomycorrhizas are the mychorrhizas in which am fungi or symbiont fungus enter the ...
  22. What is Archaerhodopsin?
    Archaerhodopsin is a receptor protein family found in archaea. these proteins respond to light and is ...
  23. What are Arthroconidia (Arthrospores)?
    Arthroconidia are fungal spores that are produced by fragmentation or segmentation from the already present fungal ...
  24. What is Artificially Acquired Active Immunity?
    Artificially acquired active immunity is a type of immunity that is produced when a person is ...
  25. What is Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity?
    Artificially acquires passive immunity is a type of immunization that provides short-term immunity by transferring the ...
  26. What is Artemisinin?
    Artemisinin is a drug that is used against malaria (caused by plasmodium falciparum) and helps to ...
  27. What is Ascocarp?
    Ascocarps or ascomata is ascomycete's fruiting body. it is made of hyphae, which is tightly interwoven ...
  28. What is Ascogenous Hypha?
    This type of hyphae, in ascomycota's fungi, originates in the ascogonium after it gets fused with ...
  29. What is Ascomycetes?
    Ascomycetes are the structures where spores are made within the asci (microscopic cells). the asci may ...
  30. What is Ascospore?
    Ascospores are spores that are carried by asci or were produced inside the asci. this type ...
  31. What is Ascus?
    Asci are the sexual spore-bearing cells, which are made in ascomycete fungi. usually eight ascospores are ...
  32. What is Aseptate Hypha?
    Aseptate hyphae are a type of fungi in which the hyphae are divided in cellular compartments ...
  33. What is Associative Nitrogen Fixation?
    Associative n fixation (anf) is a procedure in which dinitrogen gas is transformed to ammonia by ...
  34. What is ATP Synthase?
    Atp synthase is an enzyme that creates a molecule which stores energy and is called adenosine ...
  35. What is Attack Rate?
    The attack rate, in epidemiology is the bio-statistical proportion of recurrence of morbidity, or speed of ...
  36. What is Attenuated Vaccine?
    An attenuated immunization is an antibody made by decreasing the destructiveness of a pathogen, yet at ...
  37. What is Attenuator?
    Attenuator is a nucleotide sequence that is present in the operon's leader region. depending on the ...
  38. What is Autochthonous?
    Autochthonous are the substances or nutrients that initiate from a given environment and remain native to ...
  39. What is Autoclave?
    Autoclave is an instrument that sterilizes liquids, hollows, solids and other instruments of various sizes and ...
  40. What is Autogenous Infection?
    The meaning of prefix "auto" is self or within. this indicates that the infection is transmitted ...
  41. What is Autoimmune Disease?
    An autoimmune disease is a condition emerging from an abnormal immune reaction to an ordinary body ...
  42. What is Autoinducer?
    Autoinducers are molecules that are involved in signaling and are produced in response to the alterations ...
  43. What is Autoinduction?
    Autoinduction is a process in which a molecule or substance would induce other molecule to increase ...
  44. What is Autophagocytosis?
    Autophagy, additionally called autophagocytosis, is the degradation of abnormal, worn or disfunctioning components of cells and ...
  45. What is Autoradiography?
    Autoradiography is the utilization of x-rays (or every so often photographic) film to recognize radioactive materials. ...
  46. What is Auxotroph?
    An auxotroph, when compared with the parental organism from which it is derived, needs additional nutritional ...
  47. What is Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI)?
    Average nucleotide identity (ani) compares the nucleotide similarity among the coding regions of two genomes. the ...
  48. What is Avidity?
    Avidity is the concept that measures the stability of the antigen-antibodies complex and this is determined ...
  49. What is Axenic?
    Axenic is a term used in biology to describe a type of culture that is not ...
  50. What is Axopodium?
    Axopodium is a pseudopodium, which contains an axial rod covered by an ectoplasmic sheath that is ...
  51. What is Azidothymidine (AZT)?
    Azidothymidine, also known as zidovudine, is a medication that is antiretroviral and helps to treat and ...
  52. What is B7 (Cd80) Protein?
    B7 is a peripheral membrane protein present on apcs or antigen presenting cells which when combined ...
  53. What is Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)?
    Bcg or bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine is commonly used to prevent tuberculosis. one dose of bcg vaccine ...
  54. What is Bacillus?
    Bacillus is a rod-shaped bacterium and is gram positive. it may survive under aerobic or anaerobic ...
  55. What are Bacteremia?
    Bacteremia is a state, which is used to describe the presence of bacteria in blood. this ...
  56. What is Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)?
    Bacterial artificial chromosome is made of dna and is commonly used to cloning and transforming in ...
  57. What is Bactericide?
    A bactericide is an agent or a substance that is used to kill the bacteria. these ...
  58. What is Bacteriocin?
    Bacteriocins are peptide or proteinaceous toxins made by bacteria to stop the growth of closely related ...
  59. What is Bacteriophage (Phage) Typing?
    Phage typing is a technique that is utilized to detect single bacterial strains. this method helps ...
  60. What is Bacteriostatic?
    Bacteriostat or bacteriostatic agent is a chemical or biological agent that stops or inhibits the bacterial ...